★ matters :- Anything which occupies space and have mass also it has physically appearance ( concrete object ).
Ex:- markers,book,chalk, bench etc
★ Properties of matter :-
a) matters consists of many particles
b) particles of Matter are continuously in motion
Explanation :- take some amount of potassium permanganate (KMNo4) into a transparent glass which is filled with some water.
Gradually we see that some colors gets up and mixed with water and it become a colorful since,At the initial state water is colourless .After some time it becomes colorful. Which represented the particles is in motion.
c) The particles of matter attract each other i.e,
Solid > Liquid > Gas
Decreasing order of attraction between molecules.
The force of attraction on between the particles is also known as as intermolecular forces of attraction
d) The particles of matter have some space which is known as intermolecular space.
★ Existence of matter :-
⬇️_______________Matter________________⬇️⬇️ ⬇️ Physical ___chemical____
1) Solid ⬇️ ⬇️
2) Liquid pure Impure
3)Gas ⬇️ ⬇️
4)Plasma ⬇️➡️ Element ⬇️
5)Bose -- Einstein ⬇️ ⬇️ condenstate (BEC) ⬇️➡️ Compoud ⬇️
⬇️
Homogeneous ⬅️⬇️
⬇️
Hetorogeneous ⬅️⬇️
★ some particles of matter that shows particulate nature of matter written below:-
a) Dissolution :- It is it processes by which substance intern mix to form uniform solution is called dissolution.
Ex:- mixing of sugar crystal with water, mixing of salt with water.
b) Diffusion :- The process by which particles of the one substance get diffused over another substance.
Ex :- mixing of perfume into air, chalk get diffused over black board while it is not it is for a long time.
The rate of diffusion it's high in gases state after liquid and very very slow solid state.
c) Evaporation :- the process by which liquid substance change its state gaseous state below is boiling point.
Ex :- steam from water.
some points that affect the rate of evaporation which are written below:-
1) Temperature
2) Area
3) Humidity
4) Wind speed
d) Sublimation :- the process of changing solid state gaseous state or gaseous state to solid state without taking intermediate state. Ex :- camphor,Auturaone, Naphthalene balls etc
While going to solid a state from gaseous state during Sublimation process it is known as deposition.
Sublimation
Solid ➡️➡️➡️➡️➡️ Gas
⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️⬅️
Sublimation/
Deposition
★ Brownian motion :- A continuous zigzag motion of particles is known as Brownian motion
★ factors that affect the state of motion :-
a) temperature :- by changing temperatur we can change the state of the substance.
Ex :- H2o (L) increase ➜ H2o (g)
H2o (L) decrease ➜ H2o (s)
Explanation :- on applying temperature to liquid substance it absorb the heat energy the kinetic energy of the particles increases and at tries to escape that's why on continuously heating it change it's state.
c) pressure :- when we apply pressure over a closed vessel or container the gaseous molecules come closer due to which the collision increase.
Hence, the temperature must be decrease of the container by doing This the intermolecular space decreases as a result of which it converts into liquid state this process is known as liquification.
★ solid :- A substance which have fixed volume,shape and mass ETC. These arrangement of the molecules in this solid in contact of rim and have less intermolecular space between the particles.
Solid classified into 2 categories which is based upon their molecular structure which are written below :-
a) crystalline solids ----- sugar, Diamond
b) Amorphous solids ----- coal
properties of solid :-
1) they have high density
2) the particles of solid are completely packed therefore solid have definite shape and volume.
3) solids does not film the continual completely.
4) solids does not compress much it can partially or in low amount can be compressed.
5) solids have high and inter particles force of attraction.
6) solids have tendency to form lattice
i.e ,
Lattice -- I didn't meant of particles in our specific order.
7) solid does not flow.
8) solids have high melting and boiling point.
★ liquid :- the substance which can easily flow and little bit compressible or in compressible and have definite volume.
Properties of liquid :-
1) it requires a vessel to contain it.
2) liquid head lace internal forces of attraction between the particles.
3) liquid do not have fixed shape.
4) that direction of floatation of liquid substance each from higher concentration state ( region ) to lower concentration state (region ).
5) leave it cannot be compressed.
6) liquid easily flow.
7) liquid don't fill the container completely.
8) liquids have moderate density.
★ Gas :- the substance which can easily flow and don't have fixed shape.
Properties of gases :-
1) it do not have fixed shape.
2) it glass a close vessel to contain it.
3) the gaseous molecules compress much due to compressibility further of gases molecules it shows thermal expansion.
4) it have low density.
5) the gaseous molecule have fluidity property.
6) gases filled the container completely.
7) the rate of diffusion in gases take much high with respect to solid and liquid.
Note :- The rate of diffusion is increases on increasing the temperature because of increase in kinetic energy of particles.
★ plasma :- it is the state in which the free electrons and ions existed .
Ex :- stars,neon -- side bulb etc .
★ Temperature :- it is defined as the amount of energy in terms of hotness or coldness. It is a physical quantity ( which we can measure or calculate ). the temperature express in term of degree Fahrenheit ( °f ), degree Celsius ( °c ), Kelvin ( k ).
SI unit of temperature is Kelvin ( k )
0°c = 273 k
0°c = 32 °f
k = °c + 273
°c - 273 = k
Q. Convert temperature of 300 k to °c
Sol:- k = °c + 273
°c = 300 - 273
°c = 27°
★ chemical properties of metal:-
1) reaction with acid :-
Acid + metal -----➝ metallic salt + H2⬆️
Eg :- Hcl + zn ----➝ zncl2 + H2⬆️
Hydro Zinc Zinc Hydrogen
Chloric Chloride
Acid
2) reaction with base :-
Metal + base ----➝ salt + water
This reaction is also known as neutralization reaction.
Eg :- H2so4 + NaoH ----➝ Na2So4 + H2o
Sulphuric sodium sodium water
Acid Hydroxide sulphate
3) reaction with oxygen :-
Metal + oxygen ----➝ metallic oxide
Eg :- Na + o2 ---➝ Na2o
K + o2 ---➝ k2o
The metal oxide are basic in nature.
4) reaction with water :-
Case ( A ) :- reacts with highly reactive metal
Metal + H2o ----➝ metal Hydroxide + H2⬆️
Eg :- ca + H2o ---➝ ca(oH)2 + H2 ⬆️
Case ( B ) :- reacts with moderate reactive metal
Metal + H2o ----➝ metal oxide + H2⬆️
Eg :- zn + H2o ---➝ zno + H2o
★ latent heat :- it is the amount of heat energy which is is required to change the state of matter without rising its temperature. Whenever latent heat energy n supplies, the particles of that particular substance tries to overcome from the forces of attraction between the molecules.
Latent is of two types :-
a) latent heat of fussion
b) latent heat of vapourisation
a) latent heat of fusion or solid to liquid change :- in this process the breakdown of solid m into liquid matter by applying heat energy.
Explanation :- ek first we check the reading of the thermometer which is shown in the diagram then the heat energy supplies to the container so that it archive the latent heat of fusion. Gradually we see that the ice cube melt but the reading of the thermometer remains constant.
Until all the ice cube melt s the reading of the thermometer remains unchanged. Gradually we see that the reading of the thermometer varies. hence, conclude that the latent heat of fusion does not affect the temperature.
b) latent heat of vaporization or liquid to gas change:- in this process liquid component ( substance ) change its state of matter into gaseous state on applying heat that particular amount of heat energy is known as latent heat of vaporization.
Note :- in the the liquid state of water and gaseous state of water the amount of latent heat is quit shaif in gaseous state as compare compare to liquid state.
Therefore this is very dangerous on burning with steam.
This blog edit by khubaibul Islam
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